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在临床中,大家经常会遇到胸膜炎病人需要通过胸腔穿刺明确诊断或者治疗,确定最佳穿刺点、提高穿刺成功率、减少并发症是临床医生一直需要解决的难点和追求的目标。在超声引导下进行此项操作解决了初学者面临的难题,那如何正确应用超声引导呢?
为了方便大家学习,我院胸外科朱琳医生利用休息时间,翻译了《医院医学杂志》在2018;13:126-135.上刊登的《成人胸腔穿刺术超声引导的应用建议》,以飨大家。
Recommendations on the Use of Ultrasound Guidance for Adult Thoracentesis:
A Position Statement of the Society of Hospital Medicine
Executive Summary:
1)We recommend that ultrasound should be used to guide thoracentesis to reduce the risk of complications, the most common being pneumothorax.
2) We recommend that ultrasound guidance should be used to increase the success rate of thoracentesis.
3) We recommend that ultrasound-guided thoracentesis should be performed or closely supervised by experienced operators.
4) We suggest that ultrasound guidance be used to reduce the risk of complications from thoracentesis in mechanically ventilated patients.
5) We recommend that ultrasound should be used to identify the chest wall, pleura, diaphragm, lung, and subdiaphragmatic organs throughout the respiratory cycle before selecting a needle insertion site.
6) We recommend that ultrasound should be used to detect the presence or absence of an effusion and approximate the volume of pleural fluid to guide clinical decision-making.
7) We recommend that ultrasound should be used to detect complex sonographic features, such as septations, to guide clinical decision-making regarding the timing and method of pleural drainage.
8) We suggest that ultrasound be used to measure the depth from the skin surface to the parietal pleura to help select an appropriate length needle and determine the maximum needle insertion depth.
8)我们建议使用超声测量从皮肤表面到壁层胸膜的距离,以帮助选择长度合适的穿刺针,并确定进针的最大深度。
9) We suggest that ultrasound be used to evaluate normal lung sliding pre- and postprocedure to rule out pneumothorax.
9) 我们建议使用超声来评估术前和术后肺的活动度以避免气胸的发生。
10) We suggest avoiding delay or interval change in patient position from the time of marking the needle insertion site to performing the thoracentesis.
10)我们建议标记穿刺点后及时进行胸腔穿刺,且不要改变病人体位。
11) We recommend against performing routine postprocedure
chest radiographs in patients who have undergone thoracentesis successfully with ultrasound guidance and are asymptomatic with normal lung sliding post procedure.
12) We recommend that novices who use ultrasound guidance for thoracentesis should receive focused training in lung and pleural ultrasonography and hands-on practice in procedural technique.
13) We suggest that novices undergo simulation-based training prior to performing ultrasound-guided thoracentesis on patients.
14) Learning curves for novices to become competent in lung ultrasound and ultrasound-guided thoracentesis are not completely understood, and we recommend that training should be tailored to the skill acquisition of the learner and the resources of the institution.
CONCLUSION
The use of ultrasound guidance for thoracentesis has been associated with increased success rates and decreased complication rates. Ultrasound can be used to estimate the pleural fluid volume, characterize the effusion as simple or complex, identify an optimal needle insertion site, and reduce the need for postprocedural chest radiographs. Training and experience are essential to reap the benefts of using ultrasound for thoracentesis, although our understanding of optimal educational strategies and learning curves is limited. Once training has occurred and competence is achieved, hospitalists can perform ultrasound-guided thoracentesis as safely as radiologists, pulmonologists, and other specialists.
Journal of Hospital Medicine 2018;13:126-135. © 2018 Society of Hospital Medicine
成人胸腔穿刺术中超声引导的应用建议
医院医学会的立场声明
翻译:朱琳 审校:于英杰
执行概要
1)我们建议使用超声引导胸腔穿刺,以减少并发症的风险,最常见的并发症是气胸。
2)我们建议使用超声引导以提高胸腔穿刺的成功率。
3)我们建议超声引导下胸腔穿刺术应该由有经验的操作人员进行或密切监督。
4)我们建议使用超声引导以降低机械通气患者胸腔穿刺术后发生并发症的风险。
5)我们建议,在选择穿刺部位之前,应使用超声检查整个呼吸周期的胸壁、胸膜、膈膜、肺和膈下器官的情况。
6)我们建议用超声检查判断是否有胸腔积液,并评估胸腔积液的多少以指导临床决策。
7)我们建议使用超声探查复杂的超声图像的特征,例如分隔,以指导关于胸腔引流时机和方法的临床决策。
8)我们建议使用超声测量从皮肤表面到壁层胸膜的距离,以帮助选择长度合适的穿刺针,并确定进针的最大深度。
9)我们建议使用超声来评估术前和术后肺的活动度以避免气胸的发生。
10)我们建议标记穿刺点后及时进行胸腔穿刺,且不要改变病人体位。
11)我们不建议对成功执行超声引导下胸腔穿刺,无症状,且术后肺复张正常的病人进行常规的穿刺后胸片检查。
12) 我们建议,对于使用超声引导胸腔穿刺术的初学者,应接受肺、胸膜超声的专门训练,并在操作技术方面进行实践。
13)我们建议初学者在对病人进行超声引导下的胸腔穿刺术前接受模拟训练。
14)对于尚未完全掌握肺超声和超声引导下胸腔穿刺术技术的初学者,我们建议根据学员的技能掌握情况和机构的资源情况对学员进行个体化培训。
结论
使用超声引导胸腔穿刺可以增加操作成功率和减少并发症发生。超声可以用于评估胸水量、特征以及是否为单纯/复杂胸水;确定最佳的穿刺点;减少操作后胸片检查的需求。尽管我们对最佳教育策略和学习曲线的理解有限,为使超声引导胸穿获益,训练和经验是必不可少的。一旦训练成功,住院医师即可实施超声引导下胸腔穿刺,与放射医师、胸科医师及其他专家一样安全。
Journal of Hospital Medicine 2018;13:126-135. © 2018 Society of Hospital Medicine
来源:医院医学杂志2018;13:126-135. 医院医学会
朱琳:吉林省结核病医院胸外科住院医师,中共党员,2013年毕业于吉林医药学院,在大学期间荣获全校技能大赛一等奖,优秀毕业生。2013年-2016年于吉林医药学院附属医院规培3年,2016年参加工作,为人诚恳、性格开朗、适应能力强;工作积极进取,认真负责。爱好英语,经常利用英语软件学习,并参与翻译医学论文多篇。
文稿 朱琳 张晶